LIPTON - 100% Natural Tea LIPTON TEA CAN DO THAT(R)
Our Products Tea and Health Tea Experts Recipes What's New Product Locator Newsletter Signup
Get Your Antioxidant Information Here
Select a Tea and Health Topic
 LIPTON Tea and Your Health
Tea and Body Protection

References

  1. Merken H.M., Beecher G.R. (2000) “ Liquid chromatographic method for the separation and quantification of prominent flavonoid aglycones” J. Chromatog. 897, 177-184
  2. Clifford M (1999) “A Nomenclature for Tea Phenols” in ILSI Proceedings on “The Health Effects of Tea Components” Washington, DC, USA.
  3. Engelhardt U.H. et al (1992) “Determination of Flavonol Glycosides in Black Tea” Dtsch. Lebensm. Rundsch. 88, 69-73
  4. Engelhardt, U.H., Finger, A., Kuhr, S. “Determination of fla-vone-C-gly-cosides in tea". Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 1993, 197, 239-244
  5. Kiehne et al (1997) “Analysis of Proanthocyanidins in Tea Samples” Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 207, 153 – 157
  6. Lakenbrink C. (2000) PhD Thesis, Technische Universitaet Braunsschweig, Germany
  7. Roberts E.A.H., Myers M. (1958) “The Phenolic Substances of Manufactured Tea” J Sci Food Agric 9, 701
  8. Roberts E.A.H., (1958) “The Phenolic Substances of Manufactured Tea” J Sci Food Agric 9, 212 – 216
  9. Bailey et al (1991) “Comparative Study of RP-HPLC of Black tea Liquors with Special Reference to the Thearubigins” J. Chromatogr. 542, 115 – 128
  10. Degenhardt A. et al (2000) “Isolation of black tea Pigments Using HSCCC and Studies on Properties of Black tea polymers” J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 5200 – 5205
  11. Bailey et al (1994) Isolation and HPLC of Thearubigin Fractions from Black Tea” J. Chromatogr. 662, 101 – 112
  12. Bailey et al (1994) “ A Comparison of the HPLC, Mass Spectra, and Acid Degradation of Theafulvins from Black Tea and the Proanthocyanadin polymers from Wine and Cider” J. Sci. Food. Agric. 64, 231 – 238
  13. Ozawa T. et al (1996) “Elucidation of the partial structure of polymeric thearubigins from black tea by chemical degradation” Biosci., Biotech., Biochem. 60, 2023 – 2027
  14. Singleton VL & Rossi JA (1965) “Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents” Am. J Enol Viticult 16 (3), 144-158
  15. Shepherd M.J., Ibe F. “Flavonoids in UK Total Diet Samples” (1995) MAFF, CSL Report No. FD95/2
  16. Hertog M.G.L., Hollman P.C.H., van de Putte B. “Content of Potentially Anticarcinogenic Flavonoids in Tea Infusions, Wines and Fruit Juices” J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993, 41, 1242 – 1246
  17. Hertog M.G.L., Hollman P.C.H., Katan M.B., Kromhout D. “Intake of Potentially Anticarcinogenic Flavonoids and their Determinants in Adults in the Netherlands” Nutr. Cancer 1993, 20, 21 - 29
  18. Hakkinen S.H., Karenlampi S.O., Heononen I.M., Mykkanen H.M., Torronen A.R. “Content of the Flavonols Quercitin, Myrecitin, and Kaempferol in 25 Edible Berries” J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 2274 – 2279
  19. Miller, N. J., Rice-Evans, C., Davies, M. J., Gopinathan, V., and Milner, A. (1993) A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clin.Sci.(Colch.) 84, 407-412.
  20. Jovanovic, S. V., Steenken, S., Hara, Y., and Simic, M. G. (1996) Reduction potentials of flavonoid and model phenoxyl radicals. Which ring in flavonoids is responsible for antioxidant activity? Journal of the Chemical Society-Perkin Transactions 2 2497-2504.
  21. Cao, G. H., Sofic, E., and Prior, R. L. (1996) Antioxidant capacity of tea and common vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44, 3426-3431.
  22. Wang, H., Cao, G. H., and Prior, R. L. (1996) Total antioxidant capacity of fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44, 701-705.
  23. Paganga,G.; Miller,N.; Rice-Evans,C.A. (1999) The polyphenolic content of fruit and vegetables and their antioxidant activities. What does a serving constitute? Free Radic.Res. 30, 153-162.
  24. Rice-Evans, C. (1999) Implications of the mechanisms of action of tea polyphenols as antioxidants in vitro for chemoprevention in humans. Proc.Soc.Exp Biol.Med 220, 262-266.
  25. Todorovic VE and Micklewright A (Eds) “A pocket Guide to Clinical Nutrition, 2nd Edition. Parental and Enteral Nutrition (PEN) Group of the British Dietetic Association, Birmingham. 1997
  26. McCance R.A. and Widdowson E.M. “The Composition of Foods”. 5th Edition 1992 The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.
  27. Astrup A, Toubro S, Cannon S, Hein P, Breum L, Madsen “Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers”.J. Am J Clin Nutr 1990 May;51(5):759-67
  28. Dulloo AG, Geissler CA, Horton T, Collins A, Miller DS. Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy expenditure in lean and postobese human volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 1989 Jan;49(1):44-50
  29. Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Girardier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. “Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans”. Am J Clin Nutr 1999 Dec;70(6):1040-5
  30. Rumpler W, et al (2001) “Oolong tea increases metabolic rate and fat oxidation in men” J. Nutr. 131 (11),: 2848 - 2852
  31. Ryu S, Choi SK, Joung SS, Suh H, Cha YS, Lee S, Lim K. “Caffeine as a lipolytic food component increases endurance performance in rats and athletes” J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2001 Apr;47(2):139-46
  32. Bruce CR, Anderson ME, Fraser SF, Stepto NK, Klein R, Hopkins WG, Hawley JA. “Enhancement of 2000-m rowing performance after caffeine ingestion” Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000 Nov;32(11):1958-63
  33. Anderson ME, Bruce CR, Fraser SF, Stepto NK, Klein R, Hopkins WG, Hawley JA. “Improved 2000-meter rowing performance in competitive oarswomen after caffeine ingestion” Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2000 Dec;10(4):464-75
  34. Berglund and Hemmingsson ‘ Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise performance at low and high altitudes in cross country skiers’. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 1982; 3, 234
  35. Costill et al. ‘Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance’. Medicine and Science in Sports. 1978; 10, 155
  36. Cadarette et al ‘ Effects of varied doses of caffeine on endurance exercise to fatigue’. Biochemistry of exercise, 1983; 13,871
  37. Ferrauti A, Weber K, Struder HK. “Metabolic and ergogenic effects of carbohydrate and caffeine beverages in tennis”. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1997 Dec;37(4):258-66
  38. Pasman WJ, van Baak MA, Jeukendrup AE, de Haan A. “The effect of different dosages of caffeine on endurance performance time”. Int J Sports Med 1995 May;16(4):225-30
  39. Niess AM, Dickhuth HH, Northoff H, Fehrenbach E. “Free radicals and oxidative stress in exercise--immunological aspects” Exerc Immunol Rev 1999;5:22-56
  40. Sen CK. Antioxidants in exercise nutrition. Sports Med 2001;31(13):891-908
  41. Konig D, Wagner KH, Elmadfa I, Berg A. Exercise and oxidative stress: significance of antioxidants with reference to inflammatory, muscular, and systemic stress. Exerc Immunol Rev 2001;7:108-33
  42. Ji LL Antioxidants and oxidative stress in exercise.. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999 Dec;222(3):283-92
  43. Clarkson PM, Thompson HS. Antioxidants: what role do they play in physical activity and health? Am J Clin Nutr 2000 Aug;72(2 Suppl):637S-46S
  44. Ishikawa, T., Suzukawa, M., Ito, T., Yoshida, H., Ayaori, M., Nishiwaki, M., Yonemura, A., Hara, Y., and Nakamura, H. (1997) Effect of tea flavonoid supplementation on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 66, 261-266.
  45. Leenen, R., Roodenburg, A. J., Tijburg, L. B., and Wiseman, S. A. (2000) A single dose of tea with or without milk increases plasma antioxidant activity in humans. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 54, 87-92.
  46. van het Hof, K. H., Kivits, G. A., Weststrate, J. A., and Tijburg, L. B. (1998) Bioavailability of catechins from tea: the effect of milk. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 52, 356-359.
  47. Yang, B., Arai, K., and Kusu, F. (2000) Determination of catechins in human urine subsequent to tea ingestion by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Anal.Biochem. 283, 77-82.
  48. Lee, M. J., Wang, Z. Y., Li, H., Chen, L., Sun, Y., Gobbo, S., Balentine, D. A., and Yang, C. S. (1995) Analysis of plasma and urinary tea polyphenols in human subjects. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 4, 393-399.
  49. Rice-Evans, C. A., Miller, N. J., and Paganga, G. (1996) Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids [published erratum appears in Free Radic Biol Med 1996;21(3):417]. Free Radic.Biol.Med 20, 933-956.
  50. Harada, M., Kan, Y., Naoki, H., Fukui, Y., Kageyama, N., Nakai, M., Miki, W., and Kiso, Y. (1999) Identification of the major antioxidative metabolites in biological fluids of the rat with ingested (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 63, 973-977.
  51. Mulder, T. P. J., Van Platerink, C. J., Schuyl, P. J. W., and Van Amelsfoort, J. M. M. (2001) Analysis of theaflavins in biological fluids using liquid chromatography electrospray mass spetrometry. J.Chromatography B 760, 271-279.
  52. Daykin, C. and Van Duynhoven, J., Unilever Report VD01 0187
  53. Benzie, I. F. and Strain, J. J. (1999) Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Methods Enzymol. 299:15-27, 15-27.
  54. Valkonen, M. and Kuusi, T. (1997) Spectrophotometric assay for total peroxyl radical-trapping antioxidant potential in human serum. J Lipid Res. 38, 823-833.
  55. Maxwell, S. and Thorpe, G. (1996) Tea flavonoids have little short term impact on serum antioxidant activity. British Medical Journal 313, 229.
  56. McAnlis, G. T., McEneny, J., Pearce, J., and Young, I. S. (1998) Black tea consumption does not protect low density lipoprotein from oxidative modification. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 52, 202-206.
  57. van het Hof, K. H., de Boer, H. S., Wiseman, S. A., Lien, N., Westrate, J. A., and Tijburg, L. B. (1997) Consumption of green or black tea does not increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 66, 1125-1132.
  58. Benzie, I. F., Szeto, Y. T., Strain, J. J., and Tomlinson, B. (1999) Consumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasma antioxidant power in humans. Nutr.Cancer 34, 83-87.
  59. Serafini, M., Ghiselli, A., and Ferro-Luzzi, A. (1996) In vivo antioxidant effect of green and black tea in man. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 50, 28-32.
  60. Serafini, M., Laranjinha, J. A., Almeida, L. M., and Maiani, G. (2000) Inhibition of human LDL lipid peroxidation by phenol-rich beverages and their impact on plasma total antioxidant capacity in humans. J Nutr.Biochem. 11, 585-590.
  61. Langley-Evans, S. C. (2000) Consumption of black tea elicits an increase in plasma antioxidant potential in humans. Int J Food Sci.Nutr. 51, 309-315.
  62. Sung, H., Nah, J., Chun, S., Park, H., Yang, S. E., and Min, W. K. (2000) In vivo antioxidant effect of green tea. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 54, 527-529.
  63. Hodgson, J. M., Puddey, I. B., Croft, K. D., Burke, V., Mori, T. A., Caccetta, R. A., and Beilin, L. J. (2000) Acute effects of ingestion of black and green tea on lipoprotein oxidation. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 71, 1103-1107.
  64. Duffy, S. J., Keaney, J. F., Jr., Holbrook, M., Gokce, N., Swerdloff, P. L., Frei, B., and Vita, J. A. (2001) Short- and long-term black tea consumption reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 104, 151-156.
  65. Maxwell, S. R. (1999) Antioxidant vitamin supplements: update of their potential benefits and possible risks. Drug Saf 21, 253-266.
  66. van het Hof, K. H., Wiseman, S. A., Yang, C. S., and Tijburg, L. B. (1999) Plasma and lipoprotein levels of tea catechins following repeated tea consumption. Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med. 220, 203-209
  67. Nakagawa, K., Ninomiya, M., Okubo, T., Aoi, N., Juneja, L. R., Kim, M., Yamanaka, K., and Miyazawa, T. (1999) Tea catechin supplementation increases antioxidant capacity and prevents phospholipid hydroperoxidation in plasma of humans. J Agric.Food Chem 47, 3967-3973.
  68. Van den Berg, R., van Vliet, T., Broekmans, W., Cnubben, N., Veas, W., Roza, L., Haenen, G., Bast, A., and van den Berg, H. (2001) A vegetable/fruit concentrate with high antioxidant capacity has no effect on biomarkers of antioxidant status in male smokers. J. Nutr. 131, 1714-1722.
  69. Shim, J. S., Kang, M. H., Kim, Y. H., Roh, J. K., Roberts, C., and Lee, I. P. (1995) Chemopreventive effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) among cigarette smokers. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 4, 387-391.
  70. Xue, K. X., Wang, S., Ma, G. J., Zhou, P., Wu, P. Q., Zhang, R. F., Xu, Z., Chen, W. S., and Wang, Y. Q. (1992) Micronucleus formation in peripheral-blood lymphocytes from smokers and the influence of alcohol- and tea-drinking habits. Int J Cancer 50, 702-705.
  71. Al Suwaidi, J., Hamasaki, S., Higano, S. T., Nishimura, R. A., Holmes, D. R., and Lerman, A. (2000) Long-term follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 101, 948-954.
  72. Hodgson, J. M., Puddey, I. B., Burke, V., Watts, G. F., and Beilin, L. J. (2002) Regular ingestion of black tea improves brachial artery vasodilator function. Clin. Science 102, 195-201.
  73. Neumann, H. A., Carlsson, K., and Brom, G. H. (1992) Uptake and localisation of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides in the venous wall, measured by laser scanning microscopy. Eur.J Clin.Pharmacol. 43, 423-426.
  74. Gokce, N., Keaney, J. F., Jr., Frei, B., Holbrook, M., Olesiak, M., Zachariah, B. J., Leeuwenburgh, C., Heinecke, J. W., and Vita, J. A. (1999) Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 99, 3234-3240.
  75. Plotnick, G. D., Corretti, M. C., and Vogel, R. A. (1997) Effect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoactivity following a single high-fat meal. JAMA 278, 1682-1686.
  76. Huang, A., Vita, J. A., Venema, R. C., and Keaney, J. F. (2000) Ascorbic acid enhances endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activity by increasing intracellular tetrahydrobiopterin. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 17399-17406.
  77. Peters, U., Poole, C., and Arab, L. (2001) Does tea affect cardiovascular disease? a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 154, 495-503.
  78. Middleton, E. (1998) Effect of plant flavonoids on immune and inflammatory cell function. Flavonoids in the Living System 439, 175-182.
  79. Zvetkova E, Wirleitner B, Tram NT, Schennach H, Fuchs D. Int Immunopharmacol 2001 Nov;1(12):2143-50 Aqueous extracts of Crinum latifolium (L.) and Camellia sinensis show immunomodulatory properties in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
  80. Mabe, K., Yamada, M., Oguni, I., and Takahashi, T. (1999) In vitro and in vivo activities of tea catechins against Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 43, 1788-1791. (animals)
  81. Matsunaga, K., Klein, T. W., Friedman, H., and Yamamoto, Y. (2001) Legionella pneumophila replication in macrophages inhibited by selective immunomodulatory effects on cytokine formation by epigallocatechin gallate, a major form of tea catechins. Infection and Immunity 69, 3947-3953.
  82. Isogai E, Isogai H, Hirose K, Hayashi S, Oguma K. Curr Microbiol 2001 Apr;42(4):248-51 In vivo synergy between green tea extract and levofloxacin against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 infection.
  83. Sharquie KE, al-Turfi IA, al-Salloum SM. J Dermatol 2000 Nov;27(11):706-10 The antibacterial activity of tea in vitro and in vivo (in patients with impetigo contagiosa).
  84. Katiyar, S. K. and Mukhtar, H. (1997) Inhibition of phorbol ester tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-caused inflammatory responses in SENCAR mouse skin by black tea polyphenols. Carcinogenesis 18, 1911-1916.
  85. Zhu, M. X., Gong, Y. F., Yang, Z. H., Ge, G. X., Han, C., and Chen, J. S. (1999) Green tea and its major components ameliorate immune dysfunction in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma and treated with the carcinogen NNK. Nutrition and Cancer-An International Journal 35, 64-72.
  86. Crouvezier, S., Powell, B., Keir, D., and Yaqoob, P. (2001) The effects of phenolic components of tea on the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by human leukocytes in vitro. Cytokine 13, 280-286.
  87. Matsunaga, K., Klein, T. W., Friedman, H., and Yamamoto, Y. (2002) In vitro therapeutic effect of epigallocatechin gallate on nicotine-induced impairment of resistance to Legionella pneumophila infection of established MH-S alveolar macrophages. Journal of Infectious Diseases 185, 229-236.
  88. Food Standards Agency (2001). Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. Statement on the reproductive effects of caffeine. October 2001. COT Statement 2001/064”
  89. Everything you need to know about caffeine” International Food Information Council Foundation July 1998
  90. Questions and answers about caffeine and health” International Food Information Council Foundation October 1999
  91. Department of Health (1994) Nutritional Aspects of Coronorary heart Disease. Report on Health and Social Subjects No 46 London HMSO
  92. Ashton CH “Caffeine and Health” BMJ, 1987, vol 295 No 6609, 1293
  93. Libert B and Franseschi VR “Oxalate in crop plants” J. Agric. Food Chem. (1987) 35, 926 – 938
  94. Santamaria P et al, “A survey of nitrate and oxalate content of fresh vegetables” J. Sci. Food Agric., 1999, 79, pp 1882-1888
  95. Ohkawa H, Gas Chromatographic determination of oxalic acid in foods” J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 1985, 68, 108 – 111
  96. Zarembski PM and Hodgkinson A “The oxalic acid content of English diets” Brit. J. Nutr., 1962, 16, 627 - 634
  97. Leathwood PD, Pollet P “Diet-induced mood changes in normal populations” J. Psychiatr. Res., 1982-83; 17 (2): 147 – 154
  98. Griffiths RR, Evans SM, Hishman SJ, Preston KL, Sannerud CA, Wolf B, Woodson PP “Low-dose caffeine discrimination in humans” J. Pharmocol. Exp. Ther. 1990, 252(3): 970 - 978
  99. Smit HJ, Rogers PJ. “Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers”. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000 Oct;152(2):167-73
  100. Durlach PJ. “The effects of a low dose of caffeine on cognitive performance”. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998 Nov;140(1):116-9
  101. Smith AP, Rusted JM, Eaton-Williams P, Savory M, Leathwood P. “Effects of caffeine given before and after lunch on sustained attention”. Neuropsychobiology 1990-91;23(3):160-3
  102. Smith AP, Brockman P, Flynn R, Maben A, Thomas M. “Investigation of the effects of coffee on alertness and performance during the day and night”. Neuropsychobiology 1993;27(4):217-23
  103. Hogervorst E, Riedel WJ, Kovacs E, Brouns F, Jolles J “Caffeine improves cognitive performance after strenuous physical exercise” Int. J. Sports Med. 1999; 20(6): 346 – 361
  104. Penetar D, McCann U, Thorne D, Kamimori G, Galinski G, Sing H, Thomas M, Belenky G “Caffeine reversal of sleep deprivation effects on alertness and mood” Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1993; 112(2-3): 359 - 365
  105. Rosenthal L, Roehrs T, Zwyghuizen-Doorenbos A, Plath D, Roth T. Alerting effects of caffeine after normal and restricted sleep. Neuropsychopharmacology 1991 Feb;4(2):103-8
  106. Van Dongen HP, Price NJ, Mullington JM, Szuba MP, Kapoor SC, Dinges DF, “Caffeine eliminates psychomotor vigilance deficits from sleep inertia” Sleep 2001; 24(7); 813 - 819
  107. Rogers PJ, Dernoncourt C. “Regular caffeine consumption: a balance of adverse and beneficial effects for mood and psychomotor performance”. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998 Apr;59(4):1039-45
  108. Lane JD, Phillips-Bute BG. “Caffeine deprivation affects vigilance performance and mood”.Physiol Behav 1998 Aug;65(1):171-5
  109. James JE “Acute and chronic effects of caffeine on performance, mood, headache and sleep” Neurophysiology 1998; 38(1): 32 - 41
  110. Warburton DM. “Effects of caffeine on cognition and mood without caffeine abstinence”. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995 May;119(1):66-70
  111. Hindmarch I, Quinlan PT, Moore KL, Parkin C. “The effects of black tea and other beverages on aspects of cognition and psychomotor performance”. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998 Oct;139(3):230-8
  112. Hindmarch I, Rigney U, Stanley N, Quinlan P, Rycroft J, Lane J. “A naturalistic investigation of the effects of day-long consumption of tea, coffee and water on alertness, sleep onset and sleep quality”. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000 Apr;149(3):203-16
  113. Quinlan PT, Lane J, Moore KL, Aspen J, Rycroft JA, O'Brien DC. “The acute physiological and mood effects of tea and coffee: the role of caffeine level”. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000 May;66(1):19-28.
  114. Lewis KE, Blagrove M, Ebden P. "Sleep deprivation and junior doctors' performance and confidence" Postgraduate Med. J. 2002; 78(916) 85-87.
  115. Dorrian J, Lamond N, Dawson D " The ability to self-monitor performance when fatigued" J.Sleep Res.2000; 9(2) 137-144.
  116. Edell-Gustafsson UM. Sleep quality and responses to insufficient sleep in women on different work shifts. J Clin Nurs. 2002 Mar;11(2):280-7
  117. Nehlig, A. (2000) Caffeine effects on the brain and behaviour: A metabolic approach. In T.H. Parliament, C. Ho. & Scheiberle (Eds) Caffeineated beverages: Health benefits, physiological effects, and chemistry Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. pp46-53.
  118. Quinlan P, Lane J, Aspinall L Effects of hot tea, coffee and water ingestion on physiological responses and mood: the role of caffeine, water and beverage type. Psychopharmacology 134: (2) 164-173, 1997
  119. Aspen, J.M., Kaviani, H., Scott, D.S., Gray, J.A. Modulation of the human acoustic startle reflex by tea aromas: A comparison of Asian and Non-Asian UK subjects. Proceedings of Association for Chemoreception Sciences Annual Meeting (AChemS XXIV) April 24-28, 2002 (In press).
  120. Xu,Y., et al. Inhibition of tobacco-specific nitrosamine-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice by green tea and its major polyphenol antioxidants. Cancer Research. 523875-3879, 1992.
  121. Xue, K. X., Wang, S., Ma, G. J., Zhou, P., Wu, P. Q., Zhang, R. F., Xu, Z., Chen, W. S., and Wang, Y. Q. (1992) Micronucleus formation in peripheral-blood lymphocytes from smokers and the influence of alcohol- and tea-drinking habits. Int J Cancer 50, 702-705.
  122. Ahmad, N., et al. Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate and induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human carcinoma cells. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 89(24):1881, 1997.
  123. Chen, W., et al. Inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced c-fos gene expression and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by (-) –epigallocatechin gallate in a human keratinocyte cell line. Molecular Carinogenisis. 24:79-84,1999.
  124. Li N., Sun Z., Han C.,and Chen J. The chemopreventitive effects of tea on human oral precancerous mucosa lesions. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biolaogy and Medicine. 220: 218-224, 1999.
  125. Lu, Yao-Ping, et al. Inhibitory effect of black tea on the growth of established skin tumors in mice: effects on tumor size, apoptosis, mitosis and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into DNA. Carcinogenesis. 18(11): 2163-2169,1997.
  126. Klaunig, J.E., et al. The effect of tea consumption on oxidative stress in smokers and nonsmokers. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 220; 4:249-254, April 1999.
  127. Kamath AB, Wang L, Das H, Li L, Reinhold VN, Bukowski JF. Antigens in tea-beverage prime human Vgamma 2Vdelta 2 T cells in vitro and in vivo for memory and nonmemory antibacterial cytokine responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 May 13;100(10):6009-14. Epub 2003 Apr 28.
  128. Su LJ, Arab L. Tea consumption and the reduced risk of colon cancer -- results from a national prospective cohort study. Public Health Nutr. 2002 Jun;5(3):419-25.
  129. Zheng W, Doyle TJ, Kushi LH, et al. Tea consumption and cancer incidence in a prospective cohort study of postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:175-81.
  130. Hegarty VM, May HM, Khaw K-T. Tea drinking and bone mineral density in older women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1003-7.
  131. Wu CH, Yang YC, Yao WJ, Lu FH, Wu JS, Chang CJ. Epidemiological evidence of increased bone mineral density in habitual tea drinkers. Arch Intern Med. 2002 May 13;162(9):1001-6.
  132. Lloyd T, Rollings NJ, Kieselhorst K, Eggli DF, Mauger E. Dietary caffeine intake is not correlated with adolescent bone gain. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:454-7.
  133. Lloyd T, Johnson-Rollings N, Eggli DF, Kieselhorst K, Mauger EA, Cusatis DC. Bone status among postmenopausal women with different habitual caffeine intakes: a longitudinal investigation. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:256-61
  134. Steele VE, Kelloff GJ, Balentine D, Boone CW, Mehta R, Bagheri D, Sigman CC, Zhu S, Sharma S. Comparative chemopreventive mechanisms of green tea, black tea and selected polyphenol extracts measured by in vitro bioassays. Carcinogenesis, 21(1): 63-7 2000.
  135. Toyoda M, Tanaka K, Hoshino K, Akiyama H, Tanimura A, Saito Y. Profiles of potentially antiallergic flavonoids in 27 kinds of health tea and green tea infusions.J.Agric.Food Chem 1997;45:2561-4.
  136. Alexis AF, Jones VA, Stiller MJ. Potential therapeutic applications of tea in dermatology. Int J Dermatol. 1999;38:735-43.
  137. Fujimura Y, Tachibana H, Yamada K. A tea catechin suppresses the expression of the high-affinity IgE receptor Fc epsilon RI in human basophilic KU812 cells. J Agric.Food Chem 2001;49:2527-31.
  138. Kim HK, Cheon BS, Kim YH, Kim SY, Kim HP. Effects of naturally occurring flavonoids on nitric oxide production in the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and their structure-activity
  139. Yang F, de Villiers WJ, McClain CJ, Varilek GW. Green tea polyphenols block endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factor-production and lethality in a murine model. J Nutr. 1998;128:2334-40.
  140. Nakayama M, Toda M, Okubo S, Shimamura T. Inhibition of influenza virus by tea. Lett. App. Microbiol. 1990;11:38-40.
  141. Matsumoto,M.; Minami,T.; Sasaki,H.; Sobue,S.; Hamada,S.; Ooshima,T. (1999) Inhibitory effects of oolong tea extract on caries-inducing properties of mutans streptococci. Caries Res. 33, 441-5.
  142. Hamilton-Miller JM. Antimicrobial properties of tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 1995;39:2375-7.
  143. Yam TS, Shah S, Hamilton-Miller JM. Microbiological activity of whole and fractionated crude extracts of tea (Camellia sinensis), and of tea components. FEMS Microbiol.Lett 1997;152:169-74
  144. Varilek GW, Yang F, Lee EY et al. Green tea polyphenol extract attenuates inflammation in interleukin-2-deficient mice, a model of autoimmunity. J Nutr. 2001;131:2034-9.
  145. Haqqi TM, Anthony DD, Gupta S et al. Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by a polyphenolic fraction from green tea. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A 1999;96:4524-9.
  146. Goto, K., Kanaya, S., Ishigami, T., and Hara, Y. (1999) The effects of tea catechins on fecal conditions of the elderly residents in a long-term care facility. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 45, 135-141.
  147. Blaut, M., Schoefer, L., and Braune, A. (2003) Transformation of Flavonoids by Intestinal Microorganisms. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 73 (2), 2003, 79–87.
  148. Yee,Y.K.; Koo,M.W.; Szeto,M.L. (2002) Chinese tea consumption and lower risk of Helicobacter infection. J Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 17, 552-5.
  149. Lee,K.M.; Yeo,M.; Choue,J.S.; Jin,J.H.; Park,S.J.; Cheong,J.Y.; Lee,K.J.; Kim,J.H.; Hahm,K.B. (2004) Protective Mechanism of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate against Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Epithelial Cytotoxicity via the Blockage of TLR-4 Signaling. Helicobacter. 9, 632-42.
  150. Bukowski JF, Morita CT, Brenner MB.(1999) Human gamma delta T cells recognize alkylamines derived from microbes, edible plants, and tea: implications for innate immunity. Immunity. Jul;11(1):57-65.
  151. American Cancer Society, Guidelines on Diet, Nutrition and Cancer Prevention, May 11, 1996.
    Click here for reprint
  152. Hakim IA, Harris RB. Joint effects of citrus peel use and black tea intake on the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. BMC Dermatol. 2001;1(1):3. Epub 2001 Aug 01.

<<Back

Copyright © 2010 Unilever. All Rights Reserved.
Our Products | Tea & Health | Tea Experts | Recipes | What’s New | Product Locator | Newsletter Signup

*Flavonoid

*While tea is a naturally rich source of antioxidants, it is not a substitute for fruits or
vegetables which provide a wide range of antioxidants and essential vitamins and minerals.
Please consult your doctor regarding a diet/nutritional plan that is right for you.

Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | Contact Us | Site Map